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 public:vlbi_fundamantals:vlbi_fundamantals [2014/07/15 08:21]admin public:vlbi_fundamantals:vlbi_fundamantals [2015/02/02 13:02] (current)admin [VLBI Fundamentals] Both sides previous revision Previous revision 2015/02/02 13:02 admin [VLBI Fundamentals] 2014/07/28 11:51 admin 2014/07/28 11:49 admin 2014/07/28 11:41 admin 2014/07/28 11:40 admin 2014/07/15 08:31 admin [VLBI Fundamentals] 2014/07/15 08:21 admin 2014/07/01 08:35 admin 2014/06/24 12:12 admin 2014/06/24 12:05 admin 2014/06/24 11:56 admin 2014/06/20 09:51 admin created Next revision Previous revision 2015/02/02 13:02 admin [VLBI Fundamentals] 2014/07/28 11:51 admin 2014/07/28 11:49 admin 2014/07/28 11:41 admin 2014/07/28 11:40 admin 2014/07/15 08:31 admin [VLBI Fundamentals] 2014/07/15 08:21 admin 2014/07/01 08:35 admin 2014/06/24 12:12 admin 2014/06/24 12:05 admin 2014/06/24 11:56 admin 2014/06/20 09:51 admin created Line 1: Line 1: ====== VLBI Fundamentals ====== ====== VLBI Fundamentals ====== - ===== Introduction ===== + This chapter was originally taken from G. Xu (ed.), Sciences of Geodesy - II, DOI: 10.1007/​978-3-642-28000-9_7,​ ©  Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013, by Harald Schuh and Johannes Böhm + Very Long Baseline Interferometry is a microwave-based space geodetic technique that measures the difference in arrival times of signals from a radio source by cross correlation. Most commonly the observed radio sources are extragalactic objects but beacons from satellites have also been used. VLBI plays a unique role in the practical realization and maintenance of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) and contributes significantly to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), in particular for its scale. It is the only technique that provides the full set of Earth orientation parameters, which are indispensable for positioning and navigation on Earth and in space. In addition VLBI allows access to valuable information concerning interactions within the Earth system. In particular, direct measurements of nutation parameters and of the Earth rotation angle ($UT1-UTC$) are uniquely provided by VLBI. Furthermore,​ several other geodynamic, atmospheric,​ and astronomical parameters can be derived from the long history of VLBI measurements starting in the late 1970'​s. In 1999, the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) accepted the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) as an official IAG Service and the IVS was also approved as a Service of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Since then, the coordination of world-wide VLBI observation and analysis has improved significantly,​ leading to valuable results for the wider scientific community. Since 2005, the IVS has been working on a new VLBI system in terms of hardware, software, and operational procedures, known as VLBI2010. The IVS recommended a review of all current VLBI systems and processes from antennas to analysis and outlined the path to the next-generation system with unprecedented new capabilities envisaged: 1 mm position and 0.1 mm/yr velocity accuracy on global scales, continuous measurements to obtain uninterrupted time series of station positions and Earth orientation parameters, and a turnaround time from the observations to initial geodetic results of less than 24 hours. This new system will be realized in the coming years.  ​ + The VLBI fundamentals chapter is subdivided into the following sections: + * [[public:​vlbi_fundamantals:​introduction|Introduction]] + * [[public:​vlbi_fundamantals:​theoretical_delays|Theoretical Delays]] + * [[public:​vlbi_fundamantals:​least_squares_adjustment|Least-squares adjustment in VLBI]] + * [[public:​vlbi_fundamantals:​results_from_geodetic_vlbi|Results from geodetic VLBI and the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS)]] + * [[public:​vlbi_fundamantals:​vlbi2010|The next generation VLBI system, VLBI2010]] + * [[public:​vlbi_fundamantals:​concluding_remarks|Concluding remarks]] + * [[public:​bibliography|Bibliography]] - ===== Theoretical Delays ===== - - ==== Station Coordinates at the Time of Observation ==== - - - ==== General relativistic model for the VLBI time delay ==== - - - - ===== Least-squares adjustment in VLBI ===== + ---- + ===== Acknowledgements ===== + //We are grateful to the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) with all its components and contributing agencies for acquiring and providing the data used in the examples given in this chapter and for the very fruitful cooperation in the past decades. The authors would like to acknowledge all individuals mentioned in this chapter and many other VLBI experts who developed the VLBI technology, correlator, and data analysis since the mid-sixties of the last century. Their continuous efforts made it such an exciting space geodetic technique providing scientific results of highest quality but also producing regular measurements with highest impact on society and our Earth in general. Also, we would like to thank all members of the VLBI group at the Vienna University of Technology who contributed with their efforts to this summary; their continuous enthusiasm is advancing VLBI. We are also grateful to Brian Corey (MIT Haystack Observatory),​ Axel Nothnagel (University Bonn), and Ludwig Combrinck (Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory) for their comments on the manuscript.//​ + ​